Umlimi uvuna irayisi edolobhaneni laseDhundi entshonalanga ye-India.Amaphaneli elanga anika amandla iphampu yakhe yamanzi futhi angenise imali eyengeziwe.
Ngo-2007, ipulazi lamantongomane lika-P. Ramesh owayeneminyaka engu-22 lalilahlekelwa imali.Njengoba kwakuvamile endaweni enkulu yaseNdiya (futhi kusenjalo), uRamesh wasebenzisa ingxube yezibulala-zinambuzane nomanyolo endaweni yakhe engamahektha angu-2.4 esifundeni sase-Anantapur. eningizimu yeNdiya.Ezolimo ziyinselelo kule ndawo efana nogwadule, ethola imvula engaphansi kuka-600mm iminyaka eminingi.
"Ngilahlekelwe yimali eningi ngitshala amakinati ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ngamakhemikhali," kusho uRamesh, amagama kayise alandela igama lakhe, elivamile ezindaweni eziningi eningizimu yeNdiya. Amakhemikhali ayabiza, futhi isivuno sakhe sincane.
Kuthe ngo-2017, wawayeka amakhemikhali.” Njengoba ngike ngenza izindlela zokulima ezivuselelayo ezifana ne-agroforestry kanye nokulima kwemvelo, isivuno sami kanye nemali engiyitholayo inyukile,” usho kanje.
I-Agroforestry ibandakanya ukutshala izitshalo ezingapheli (izihlahla, izihlahla, amasundu, uqalo, njll.) eduze kwezitshalo (SN: 7/3/21 no-7/17/21, p. 30).Indlela yokulima yemvelo idinga ukushintshwa kwawo wonke amakhemikhali umanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ezinento ephilayo enjengobulongwe benkomo, umchamo wenkomo kanye ne-jaggery (ushukela onsundu oqinile owenziwe ngomoba) ukuze kukhuliswe amazinga ezakhi zomhlabathi. URamesh wabuye wandisa isitshalo sakhe ngokungeza i-papaya, i-millet, i-okra, isitshalo seqanda (esaziwa endaweni ngokuthi isitshalo seqanda ) nezinye izitshalo, ekuqaleni amakinati kanye notamatisi.
Ngosizo lwenhlangano engenzi nzuzo yakwa-Anantapur, i-Accion Fraterna Eco-Center, esebenza nabalimi abafuna ukuzama ezolimo ezisimeme, uRamesh wengeze inzuzo eyanele ukuze athenge indawo eyengeziwe, wandisa isiza sakhe saba cishe kwezine.amahektha.Njengezinkulungwane zabalimi kwezolimo ezivuselelayo kulo lonke elaseNdiya, uRamesh uwondle ngempumelelo umhlabathi wakhe osuphelile futhi izihlahla zakhe ezintsha zibe neqhaza ekunciphiseni ukuqina kwekhabhoni yaseNdiya ngokusiza ukugcina ikhabhoni ingangeni emkhathini.indima encane kodwa ebalulekile.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi i-agroforestry inamandla okudliwa kwekhabhoni ngo-34% ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zezolimo.
Entshonalanga ye-India, edolobhaneni laseDhundi esifundazweni saseGujarat, amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-1,000 ukusuka e-Anantapur, ePravinbhai Parmar, 36, usebenzisa amasimu akhe elayisi ukuze anciphise ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. .Futhi usegqugquzelekile ukuthi ampompe amanzi awadingayo kuphela ngoba uyakwazi ukudayisa ugesi angawusebenzisi.
Ngokombiko weCarbon Management 2020, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yaseNdiya minyaka yonke okungamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2.88 kungancishiswa ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-45 kuye kwezingama-62 ngonyaka uma bonke abalimi abafana noParmar bengashintshela kugesi welanga. izwe, kuyilapho inani eliphelele lamaphampu angaphansi komhlaba lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-20-25.
Ukukhulisa ukudla ngenkathi kusebenzela ukwehlisa isisi esingcolisa umoya esivele siphezulu ezenzweni zezolimo kunzima ezweni okufanele londle lokho okuzoba inani labantu abaningi emhlabeni. .Faka ugesi osetshenziswa umkhakha wezolimo futhi isibalo sikhuphuke sifinyelele ku-22%.
URamesh noParmar bayingxenye yeqeqebana labalimi abathola usizo kuhulumeni nasezinhlelweni ezingezona ezikahulumeni ukuze bashintshe indlela abalima ngayo. ENdiya, njengoba kunabantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-146 abasasebenza emahekthaleni ayizigidi ezingu-160 omhlaba wokulima, kusesekhona. kusekude. Kodwa izindaba zempumelelo zalaba balimi zifakazela ukuthi omunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu baseNdiya angashintsha.
Abalimi baseNdiya sebeyayizwa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukubhekana nesomiso, imvula eguquguqukayo kanye nokunyuka kwamagagasi okushisa kanye neziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo.” Uma sikhuluma ngezolimo ezisebenzisa ubuhlakani besimo sezulu, sisuke sikhuluma kakhulu ngokuthi zinganciphisa kanjani intuthu engcolisayo,” kusho. U-Indu Murthy, inhloko yophiko olubhekele isimo sezulu, imvelo kanye nokusimama eSikhungweni Sesayensi, Ubuchwepheshe Nocwaningo Lwenqubomgomo, isikhungo sokucwaninga sase-US.Bangalore.Kodwa uhlelo olunjalo kufanele futhi lusize abalimi “ukuba babhekane nezinguquko ezingalindelekile nesimo sezulu, " uthe.
Ngezindlela eziningi, lona umqondo wokugqugquzela izindlela zokulima ezisimeme nezivuselelayo ngaphansi kwesambulela se-agroecology.U-YV Malla Reddy, umqondisi we-Accion Fraterna Ecological Centre, uthe ukulima kwemvelo kanye ne-agroforestry yizici ezimbili zohlelo ezithola okwengeziwe. nabadlali abengeziwe ezindaweni ezahlukene eNdiya.
“Ushintsho olubalulekile kimina wukushintsha kwesimo sengqondo ngezihlahla nezimila emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule,” kusho uReddy.” Ngawo-'70s kanye nama-'80s, abantu babengakuthandi ngempela ukubaluleka kwezihlahla, kodwa manje sebebona izihlahla. , ikakhulukazi izihlahla zezithelo nezinsiza, njengomthombo wemali.”UReddy ube ngummeli wokusimama eNdiya iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-50 ezolimo.Izinhlobo ezithile zezihlahla, njenge-pongamia, i-subabul ne-avisa, zinezinzuzo zezomnotho ngaphezu kwezithelo zazo;bahlinzeka ngefolishi emfuyweni kanye ne-biomass ukuze kube namafutha.
Inhlangano kaReddy inikeze usizo emindenini yabalimi baseNdiya engaphezu kuka-60,000 yokulima kwemvelo kanye ne-agroforestry cishe amahektha ayi-165,000. Izibalo zamandla okudliwa kwekhabhoni yenhlabathi yomsebenzi wabo ziyaqhubeka. Kodwa umbiko ka-2020 woMnyango Wezemvelo, Amahlathi kanye Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu waseNdiya waphawula. ukuthi le mikhuba yokulima ingasiza i-India ukuba ifinyelele umgomo wayo wokufinyelela amaphesenti angu-33 amahlathi nezihlahla ngo-2030 ukuze ihlangabezane nokushintsha kwayo kwesimo sezulu eParis.izibopho zokudliwa kwekhabhoni ngaphansi kweSivumelwano.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izixazululo, ukulima okuvuselelayo kuyindlela engabizi kakhulu yokunciphisa i-carbon dioxide emkhathini.Ngokocwaningo lwango-2020 lweNature Sustainability, ezolimo ezivuselelayo zibiza u-$10 kuya ku-$100 ngethani ngalinye lesikhutha esikhishwa emkhathini, kuyilapho ubuchwepheshe obususa ngomshini. ikhabhoni evela emoyeni ibiza u-$100 kuya ku-$1,000 ngethani le-carbon dioxide.Akulona nje kuphela ukuthi lolu hlobo lokulima lunengqondo emvelweni, kusho uReddy, kodwa njengoba abalimi bephendukela ekulimeni okuvuselelayo, imali yabo engenayo inamandla okukhuphuka futhi.
Kungase kuthathe iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ukusungula izinqubo ze-agroecology ukuze kubonwe imithelela ekuthathweni kwekhabhoni. Kodwa ukusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo kwezolimo kunganciphisa ngokushesha ukungcola. Ngalesi sizathu, i-International Water Management Institute i-IWMI yethule amandla elanga njengohlelo lwezitshalo ezikhokhelwayo. esigodini sakwaDhundi ngo-2016.
"Ingozi enkulu kubalimi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukungaqiniseki okukudalayo," kusho u-Shilp Verma, umcwaningi wenqubomgomo yezamanzi, amandla nokudla kwe-IWMI." Noma yimuphi umkhakha wezolimo osiza abalimi ukuthi babhekane nokungaqiniseki uzokwandisa amandla okumelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu."Lapho abalimi bekwazi ukumpompa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngendlela evumelana nesimo sezulu, banemali eningi yokubhekana nezimo ezingaphephile, Kuphinde kunikeze isisusa sokugcina amanzi athile emhlabathini.” Uma umpompa kancane, ungadayisela amandla engeziwe kubalimi. igridi,” esho.Amandla elanga aba umthombo wemali engenayo.
Ukulima irayisi, ikakhulukazi irayisi elisezindaweni eziphansi endaweni egcwele izikhukhula, kudinga amanzi amaningi.Ngokwe-International Rice Research Institute, kuthatha isilinganiso samalitha amanzi angaba ngu-1,432 ukukhiqiza ikhilogremu elilodwa lerayisi.Irayisi eliniselwayo lilinganiselwa ku-34 kuya ku-43. Iphesenti lamanzi okunisela emhlabeni wonke, kusho inhlangano.I-India ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, athatha u-25% wokukhishwa komhlaba wonke.Lapho iphampu kadizili ikhipha, ikhabhoni ikhishelwa emkhathini.UParmar nabanye abalimi basebenzisa kufanele uthenge amafutha ukuze ugcine amaphampu esebenza.
Kusukela ngawo-1960, ukuchithwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba eNdiya kwaqala ukuphakama kakhulu, ngesivinini esisheshayo kunezinye izindawo.Lokhu kwakuqhutshwa kakhulu yi-Green Revolution, inqubomgomo yezolimo egxile emanzini eyaqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kokudla kuzwelonke ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980, futhi eqhubekayo. ngandlela thize nanamuhla.
“Sasivame ukusebenzisa ama-rupee angu-25 000 [cishe amaRandi angu-330] ngonyaka ukuze siqhube amaphampu ethu asebenzisa udizili.Lokho kwakuvame ukwehlisa inzuzo yethu ngempela, "kusho uParmar. Ngo-2015, lapho i-IWMI imema ukuba abambe iqhaza kuphrojekthi yokulingwa yokunisela nge-zero-carbon solar, uParmar wayelalele.
Kusukela lapho, abalingani abayisithupha bakaParmar noDhundi abangabalimi badayisele uhulumeni ngaphezu kuka-240,000 kWh futhi bathola ngaphezu kuka-1.5 million rupees ($20,000).Imali engenayo yonyaka kaParmar iphindeke kabili isuka esilinganisweni sama-Rs 100,000-150,000 kuya ku-Rs 200,000,000.
Lokho kucindezela kuyamsiza ukuba afundise izingane zakhe, enye yazo ephishekela iziqu kwezolimo - uphawu olukhuthazayo ezweni lapho ukulima akusathandeki kubantu abasha. Njengoba uParmar ekubeka, "Ilanga liphehla ugesi ngesikhathi esifanele, ngokungcola okuncane futhi isinikeze imali eyengeziwe.Yini ongayithandi?”
UParmar wafunda ukulungisa nokulungisa amaphaneli namaphampu eyedwa. Manje, lapho amadolobhana angomakhelwane efuna ukufaka amaphampu amanzi asebenza ngelanga noma edinga ukuwakhanda, aphendukela kuye ukuze athole usizo.” Ngiyajabula ukuthi abanye balandela ezinyathelweni zethu.Ngokweqiniso ngiyaziqhenya kakhulu ngokuthi bangifonele ukuze ngibasize ngesistimu yabo yephampu yelanga.”
Iphrojekthi ye-IWMI e-Dhundi yaba yimpumelelo kangangokuthi i-Gujarat yaqala ngo-2018 ukuphindaphinda uhlelo kubo bonke abalimi abanentshisekelo ngaphansi kwesinyathelo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Suryashakti Kisan Yojana, ehumushela kumaphrojekthi wamandla elanga kubalimi. ukubolekwa imali enenzalo ephansi kubalimi ukuze kuchelelwe amandla elanga.
"Inkinga enkulu ngezolimo ezinobuhlakani besimo sezulu ukuthi konke esikwenzayo kufanele kwehlise izinga le-carbon," kusho uzakwabo wakwaVerma u-Aditi Mukherji, umbhali wombiko kaFebhuwari we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (SN: 22/3/26, p. 7 Ikhasi).” Leyo inselele enkulu.Uyenza kanjani into enekhabhoni ephansi ngaphandle kokuba nomthelela omubi emalini engenayo nokukhiqiza?"U-Mukherji ungumholi wephrojekthi yesifunda yokuchelela ngelanga ukuze kuqine ezolimo eNingizimu ye-Asia, iphrojekthi ye-IWMI ebheka izixazululo ezihlukahlukene zokunisela ngelanga eNingizimu Asia.
Emuva e-Anantapur, “kuye kwaba noshintsho oluphawulekayo lwezitshalo endaweni yethu,” kusho uReddy.” Ngaphambili, kungenzeka ukuthi azikho izihlahla ezingxenyeni eziningi zendawo ngaphambi kokuba zibonakale ngeso lenyama.Manje, ayikho indawo eyodwa kulayini wakho wokubona enezihlahla okungenani ezingama-20.Kungushintsho oluncane, kodwa olwesomiso sethu Kusho lukhulu esifundeni.”U-Ramesh nabanye abalimi manje bajabulela iholo lezolimo elizinzile, eliqhubekayo.
"Ngesikhathi ngitshala amakinati, ngangiwadayisela ezimakethe zendawo," kusho uRamesh. Manje usedayisela abantu abahlala emadolobheni ngqo ngamaqembu e-WhatsApp.Bigbasket.com, okungenye yezitolo ezinkulu ze-inthanethi zaseNdiya, kanti ezinye izinkampani seziqalile ukuthenga ngqo. kuye ukuze ahlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo sezithelo nemifino “ehlanzekile” nemifino.
“Manje ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi uma izingane zami zithanda, zingasebenza nasekulimeni futhi zibe nempilo enhle,” kusho uRamesh.” Angizange ngizizwe ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuthola lezi zindlela zokulima okungasebenzisi amakhemikhali.”
I-DA Bossio et al.Iqhaza lekhabhoni yomhlabathi ezixazululweni zesimo sezulu semvelo.Ukusimama kwemvelo.roll.3, May 2020.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z
A. Rajan et al.Carbon footprint of groundwater irrigation in India.Carbon Management, Vol.May 11, 2020.doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2020.1750265
T. Shah et al.Thuthukisa amandla elanga njengesilimo esivuzayo.roll.52, Nov. 11, 2017 Economic and Political Weekly.
Yasungulwa ngo-1921, iScience News iwumthombo ozimele, ongenzi nzuzo wolwazi olunembile olumayelana nezindaba zakamuva zesayensi, ezokwelapha, nobuchwepheshe.Namuhla, umgomo wethu usafana: ukunikeza abantu amandla okuhlola izindaba nomhlaba obazungezile. .Ishicilelwe yiNhlangano Yesayensi, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo yobulungu be-501(c)(3) ezinikele ekubambeni iqhaza komphakathi ocwaningweni lwesayensi nemfundo.
Ababhalisile, sicela ufake ikheli lakho le-imeyili ukuze uthole ukufinyelela okugcwele kungobo yomlando Yezindaba Zesayensi kanye noshicilelo lwedijithali.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-09-2022
