Izifundazwe eziningi zase-US ziphethe ngokuthi amandla elanga, umoya kanye neminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ingase inganeli ukugcina ukutholakala kukagesi njengoba ifuna ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwayo amafutha ezinsalela.
I-PROVIDENCE, RI - Njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuphoqa izifundazwe zase-US ukuthi zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi, abaningi baphethe ngokuthi i-solar, umoya kanye neminye imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ingase inganele ukugcina izinto ziqhubeka.
Njengoba amazwe ehlukana namalahle, uwoyela negesi ukuze anciphise ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa futhi agweme imithelela emibi kakhulu yeplanethi efudumalayo, amandla enuzi ayavela njengesixazululo sokuvala isikhala. Ama-Gates akha ama-reactor amancane, ashibhile ukuze agcwalise amagridi kagesi emiphakathini yonkana yase-US
izibani zendlela yelanga
Amandla enuzi anesethi yawo yezinkinga ezingaba khona, ikakhulukazi imfucuza ekhipha imisebe engase ihlale iyingozi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kodwa abasekeli bathi ubungozi bungancishiswa, futhi amandla abalulekile ekusimamiseni amandla kagesi njengoba umhlaba uzama ukuzikhipha ku-carbon dioxide- okukhipha izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi.
UJeff Lyash, umongameli kanye ne-CEO ye-Tennessee Valley Authority, wakubeka kalula: Akukho ukuncipha okuphawulekayo kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngaphandle kwamandla enuzi.
“Okwalesi sikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, angiyiboni indlela ezosiyisa lapho ngaphandle kokugcina imikhumbi yamanje nokwakha izindawo ezintsha zenuzi,” kusho uLyash.” Lokho kungemuva kokukhulisa inani lamandla elanga esingawakha ohlelweni. ”
I-TVA iyinsiza ephethwe uhulumeni ehlinzeka ngogesi ezifundazweni eziyisikhombisa futhi ingeyesithathu ngobukhulu ukuphehla ugesi e-United States. Izokwengeza cishe amamegawathi angu-10,000 wamandla elanga ngo-2035—anele ukunika amandla cishe amakhaya ayizigidi ezingu-1 ngonyaka—futhi iphinde isebenzise ezintathu. izitshalo zamandla enuzi kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola i-reactor encane e-Oak Ridge, e-Tennessee.Ngo-2050, inethemba lokuzuza ukukhishwa kwe-net-zero, okusho ukuthi awekho amagesi abamba ukushisa akhiqizwayo kunalawo asuswa emkhathini.
Inhlolovo ye-Associated Press yenqubomgomo yamandla kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingu-50 kanye neSifunda sase-Columbia ithole ukuthi iningi elikhulu (cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu) likholelwa ukuthi amandla enuzi azosiza esikhundleni samafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ngandlela thize. ukwanda kokuqala kokwakhiwa kwe-nuclear reactor e-United States eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu.
Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yezifundazwe kanye ne-District of Columbia ephendula ucwaningo lwe-AP bathi abanazo izinhlelo zokufaka amandla enuzi emigomeni yabo yamandla aluhlaza, bethembele kakhulu emandleni avuselelekayo.Izikhulu zamandla kulezo zifunda zithi imigomo yazo iyafezeka ngenxa yentuthuko. endaweni yokugcina amandla ebhethri, ukutshalwa kwezimali kumagridi adlulisa ama-voltage aphezulu aphakathi kwezifunda, ukunciphisa isidingo samadamu aphehlwa ngamanzi kanye nemizamo yokonga ugesi kugesi.
izibani zendlela yelanga
Ukwehlukana kwezifundazwe zase-US mayelana namandla enuzi kukhombisa izimpikiswano ezifanayo ezenzeka eYurophu, lapho amazwe ahlanganisa iJalimane eyeka ukuphehla amandla awo kanye namanye, njengeFrance, abambelele kubuchwepheshe noma ahlela ukwakha okwengeziwe.
Abaphathi beBiden, abafuna ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinolaka zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, bathi amandla enuzi angasiza ukunxephezela ukwehla kwamandla kaphethiloli asuselwa kukhabhoni kugridi yamandla yase-US.
UNobhala wezaMandla e-US, uJennifer Granholm, utshele i-Associated Press ukuthi uhulumeni ufuna ukuzuza ugesi we-zero-carbon, “okusho ukuthi i-nuclear, okusho ukuthi i-hydro, okusho ukuthi i-geothermal, okusobala ukuthi isho umoya nomoya wasogwini, okusho ukuthi ilanga..”
"Sifuna konke," kusho uGranholm ngesikhathi evakashele eProvidence, Rhode Island, ngoDisemba ukuyogqugquzela iphrojekthi yomoya ogwini lolwandle.
Iphakethe lengqalasizinda lika-$1 trillion i-Biden elixhaswe futhi lasayinwa emthethweni ngonyaka odlule lizokwaba imali elinganiselwa ku-$2.5 billion yezinhlelo zokubonisa i-reactor ethuthukisiwe. ikusasa elikhululekile.
I-Granholm iphinde yaveza ubuchwepheshe obusha obuhlanganisa i-hydrogen kanye nokuthathwa nokugcinwa kwe-carbon dioxide ngaphambi kokuba ikhishelwe emkhathini.
Ama-reactors enuzi asebenze ngokuthembekile futhi ngaphandle kwe-carbon amashumi eminyaka, futhi ingxoxo yamanje yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu iletha izinzuzo zamandla enuzi phambili, kusho uMaria Kornick, umongameli kanye ne-CEO yeNuclear Energy Association.
“Isikali salegridi e-United States yonkana, sidinga okuthile okuhlala kukhona, futhi sidinga okuthile okungaba umgogodla waleli gridi, uma uthanda,” kusho yena.” Kungakho isebenza ngomoya, ilanga nelanga. zenuzi.”
U-Edwin Lyman, umqondisi wokuphepha kwamandla enuzi ku-Union of Concerned Scientists, uthe ubuchwepheshe benuzi busenezingozi ezinkulu ezinye imithombo yamandla ekhabhoni ephansi engenazo. Ugesi obizayo, esho. Ukhathazekile futhi ngokuthi imboni ingase inciphise ukuphepha nokuphepha ukuze yonge imali futhi iqhudelane ezimakethe. Iqembu aliphikisani nokusetshenziswa kwamandla enuzi, kodwa lifuna ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi kuphephile.
“Anginalo ithemba lokuthi sizobona izidingo ezifanele zokuphepha nezokuphepha ezingangenza ngikhululeke ngokutholwa noma ukuthunyelwa kwalezi zinto okuthiwa ama-modular reactors amancane ezweni lonke,” kusho uLyman.
I-US futhi ayinazo izinhlelo zesikhathi eside zokuphatha noma ukulahla imfucuza eyingozi okungenzeka ibe semvelweni amakhulu ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, futhi kokubili udoti kanye ne-reactor kusengozini yezingozi noma ukuhlaselwa okuhlosiwe, kusho uLyman.The 2011 izinhlekelele zenuzi eThree Mile Island, ePennsylvania, eChernobyl, futhi muva nje, iFukushima, eJapane, zanikeza isixwayiso esihlala njalo sezingozi.
Amandla enuzi asevele enikeza cishe amaphesenti angama-20 kagesi waseMelika kanye nengxenye yamandla angenayo i-carbon yaseMelika.Iningi leziphehlisi ezisebenzayo zezwe ezingama-93 zisempumalanga yoMfula iMississippi.
Ngo-August 2020, Ikhomishini Yokulawula Izikhali Zenuzi yagunyaza umklamo omusha we-modular reactor owodwa kuphela - ovela enkampanini ebizwa ngokuthi i-NuScale Power. Ezinye izinkampani ezintathu zitshele ikomidi ukuthi zihlela ukufaka isicelo semiklamo yazo. Zonke zisebenzisa amanzi ukupholisa umnyombo.
I-NRC kulindeleke ukuthi ithumele imiklamo yezingxenye ezithuthukisiwe ezingaba yingxenye yeshumi nambili ezisebenzisa ezinye izinto ngaphandle kwamanzi ukuze zipholise umongo, njengegesi, insimbi ewuketshezi noma usawoti oncibilikisiwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iphrojekthi yenkampani yakwaGates i-TerraPower e-Wyoming, amalahle amakhulu kunawo wonke. -producing state in the United States.Sekuyisikhathi eside ithembele emalahleni ukuze ithole amandla nemisebenzi futhi iwathumela emazweni angaphezu kwesigamu.
Njengoba izinsiza ziphuma emalahleni, i-Wyoming isebenzisa amandla omoya futhi yafaka umthamo womoya wesithathu ngobukhulu kunoma yisiphi isimo ngo-2020, ngemuva kweTexas ne-Iowa kuphela. amandla esizwe azohlinzekwa umoya kanye nelanga ngokuphelele.Amandla avuselelekayo kufanele asebenze ngokuhambisana nobunye ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-nuclear ne-hydrogen, esho.
I-TerraPower ihlela ukwakha isikhungo sayo sokubonisa i-reactor ethuthukisiwe e-Kemmerer, idolobhana labantu abangu-2,700 entshonalanga ye-Wyoming, lapho isikhungo samandla esisebenza ngamalahle sivala khona.I-reactor isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-sodium, i-sodium-cooled fast reactor enesistimu yokugcina amandla.
EWest Virginia, esinye isimo esithembele kumalahle, abanye abenzi bomthetho bazama ukuqeda isimemezelo sombuso sokwakha izindawo ezintsha zenuzi.
I-reactor yesibili eklanywe yi-TerraPower izokwakhiwa eLabhorethri Kazwelonke yase-Idaho.Ukuhlolwa kwe-chloride encibilikisiwe ye-reactor kuzoba nomgogodla omncane njengesiqandisi kanye nosawoti oncibilikisiwe ukuwupholisa esikhundleni samanzi.
Phakathi kwamanye amazwe asekela amandla enuzi, i-Georgia igcizelela ukuthi ukunwetshwa kwayo kwe-nuclear reactor "kuzohlinzeka i-Georgia amandla ahlanzekile anele" iminyaka engu-60 kuya kwengu-80. I-Georgia inokuphela kwephrojekthi yenuzi esakhiwa e-US - ukwandisa isitshalo se-Vogtle kusuka kumakhulu amabili endabuko. Izindleko sezizonke manje sezingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kunesibikezelo sasekuqaleni samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14, futhi umsebenzi usalele emuva ngeminyaka.
I-New Hampshire ithi izinjongo zemvelo zesifunda ngeke zifezeke ngendlela efinyelelekayo ngaphandle kwamandla enuzi.I-Alaska Energy Authority ibihlela ukusetshenziswa kweziphehlisi ezincane ze-nuclear kusukela ngo-2007, okungenzeka kuqala ezimayini ezikude nasezizindeni zezempi.
I-Maryland Energy Authority ithe nakuba zonke izinhloso zamandla avuselelekayo zituseka futhi nezindleko ziyehla, “ngokwekusasa elibonakalayo, sizodinga uphethiloli ohlukahlukene,” okuhlanganisa izitimela zegesi yemvelo enuzi nehlanzekile, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka nokunwebeka. isikhungo samandla enuzi eMaryland, kanye ne-Energy Administration ixoxa nomkhiqizi wama-reactors amancane.
Ezinye izikhulu, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni eziholwa yiDemocratic Alliance, zithi zidlula amandla enuzi.Abanye bathi abazange bathembele kakhulu kuwo kusukela ekuqaleni futhi abacabangi ukuthi kuyadingeka esikhathini esizayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokufaka izinjini zomoya noma amaphaneli elanga, izindleko zama-reactor amasha, ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kanye nemibuzo engaxazululiwe mayelana nendlela yokugcina imfucumfucu yenuzi eyingozi yizinqamuli zezivumelwano, bathi.Abanye izazi zemvelo nazo ziphikisana nama-reactors amancane ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokuphepha kanye nemfucumfucu eyingozi. izinto ezikhathazayo.I-Sierra Club yazichaza “njengengozi enkulu, izindleko eziphezulu futhi ezisolisayo kakhulu”.
I-New York State inezinjongo ezifisa kakhulu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esizweni, futhi igridi yamandla yesikhathi esizayo izolawulwa umoya, amandla elanga namandla kagesi, kusho uDoreen Harris, umongameli kanye no-CEO weNew York State Energy Research and Development Authority.
UHarris uthe ubona ikusasa elingaphezu kwenuzi, lehla lisuka cishe ku-30% wengxube yamandla wombuso namuhla liye cishe ku-5%, kodwa umbuso uzodinga ukugcinwa kwebhethri okuthuthukile, okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi mhlawumbe ezinye izindlela ezihlanzekile njengophethiloli we-hydrogen.
I-Nevada izwela kakhulu amandla enuzi ngemva kwecebo elihlulekile lokugcina uphethiloli we-nuclear osetshenziswe ezentengiselwano e-Yucca Mountain.Izikhulu zakhona aziboni amandla enuzi njengendlela esebenzayo.Kunalokho, zibona amandla kubuchwepheshe bebhethri bokugcina amandla kanye namandla avela ku-geothermal.
"I-Nevada iqonda kangcono kunezinye izifundazwe eziningi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe benuzi bunezinkinga ezibalulekile zokuphila," kusho uDavid Bozien, umqondisi weHhovisi Lombusi Wezamandla waseNevada esitatimendeni. .”
I-California ihlela ukuvala isikhungo sayo sokugcina samandla enuzi esisele, i-Diablo Canyon, ngo-2025 njengoba ishintshela kumandla ashibhile avuselelekayo ukuze inike amandla igridi yayo ngo-2045.
Ngokusho kombuso, izikhulu zikholelwa ukuthi uma iCalifornia igcina ukwanda kwamandla kagesi ahlanzekile "ngenani elirekhodiwe eminyakeni engu-25 ezayo," noma ukwakha isilinganiso samagigawathi angu-6 wezinsiza zokugcina zelanga, umoya kanye nebhethri minyaka yonke, izikhulu zikholelwa ukuthi ingafinyelela lo mgomo.idokhumenti yokuhlela.I-California iphinde ingenise ugesi okhiqizwa kwezinye izifundazwe njengengxenye yohlelo lwegridi yasentshonalanga ye-US.
Abangabazayo bayangabaza ukuthi uhlelo oluphelele lwamandla avuselelekayo lwaseCalifornia luzosebenza yini esimeni esicishe sibe yizigidi ezingama-40.
Ukuhlehlisa umhlalaphansi we-Diablo Canyon kuze kube ngu-2035 kuzosindisa i-California $ 2.6 billion ezindlekweni zesistimu kagesi, kunciphise amathuba okucisha nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi, ucwaningo olwenziwa ososayensi baseStanford University naseMIT lwaphetha.Lapho lolu cwaningo lukhishwa ngoNovemba, owayenguNobhala Wezamandla wase-US. USteven Chu uthe i-US ibingakalungeli amandla avuselelekayo angamaphesenti ayi-100 noma nini maduze.
“Ziyoba lapho umoya ungavuthi futhi nelanga lingashizi,” esho.” Futhi sizodinga amandla athile esingawavula futhi siwathumele ngokuthanda kwakhe.Lokho kushiya izinketho ezimbili: amafutha emvelo noma i-nuclear.”
Kodwa i-California Public Utilities Commission yathi ngale kuka-2025, i-Diablo Canyon ingadinga "ukuthuthukiswa kwe-seismic" kanye nezinguquko ezinhlelweni zokupholisa ezingabiza ngaphezu kwe-$ 1 billion. Umkhulumeli weKhomishini uTerrie Prosper uthe ama-megawatts angu-11,500 wezinsiza ezintsha zamandla ahlanzekile azofika ku-inthanethi ngo-2026 ukuze ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zombuso zesikhathi eside.
U-Jason Bordorf, umqondisi ongumsunguli we-Columbia Climate Institute, uthe nakuba uhlelo lwaseCalifornia “lungenzeka ngobuchwepheshe,” uyangabaza ngenxa yezinselelo zokwakhiwa kwamandla okukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo amaningi kangaka ngokushesha.sex.Bardoff uthe kukhona "izizathu ezinhle" zokucabangela ukwelula impilo ye-Dark Canyon ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
“Kumele sihlanganise amandla enuzi ngendlela evumayo ukuthi ayinazo izingozi.Kodwa ubungozi bokwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezinjongo zethu zesimo sezulu budlula ubungozi bokufaka i-nuclear engxubeni ye-zero-carbon energy,” esho.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-22-2022
