Njengoba impucuko ikhula, amandla adingekayo ukuze sisekele indlela yethu yokuphila ayanda nsuku zonke, okudinga ukuthi sithole izindlela ezintsha nezintsha zokusebenzisa izinsiza zethu ezivuselelekayo, njengokukhanya kwelanga, ukudala amandla engeziwe ukuze umphakathi wethu uqhubeke neNqubekela phambili.
Ukukhanya kwelanga kuye kwanikeza futhi kwenza ukuphila emhlabeni wethu kwaphila amakhulu eminyaka.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, ilanga livumela ukukhiqizwa cishe kwayo yonke imithombo yamandla eyaziwayo njengamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, i-hydro, umoya, i-biomass, njll.Njengoba impucuko ikhula, amandla adingekayo ukuze asekele. indlela yethu yokuphila iyanda nsuku zonke, okudinga ukuthi sithole izindlela ezintsha nezintsha zokusebenzisa izinsiza zethu ezivuselelekayo, njengokukhanya kwelanga, ukudala amandla engeziwe ukuze umphakathi wethu uqhubeke neNqubekela phambili.
Kusukela kudala sakwazi ukuphila ngamandla elanga, sisebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga njengomthombo wamandla owavela ezakhiweni ezakhiwe eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-6 000 edlule, ngokuqondisa indlu ukuze ukukhanya kwelanga kudlule ezintubeni ezisebenza njengendlela yokushisa. .Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka kamuva, abaseGibhithe namaGreki basebenzisa indlela efanayo ukuze bagcine izindlu zabo zipholile ehlobo ngokuzivikela elangeni [1].Amafasitela amakhulu amafasitelana asetshenziswa njengamafasitela ashisayo elanga, avumela ukushisa kwelanga ukuba kungene kodwa abambezeleke. ukushisa ngaphakathi.Ukukhanya kwelanga kwakungabalulekile nje kuphela ekushiseni okwakukukhiqiza ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa futhi kwakusetshenziselwa ukulondoloza nokulondoloza ukudla ngosawoti.Ekugayweni kukasawoti, ilanga lisetshenziselwa ukuhwamulisa amanzi olwandle anobuthi futhi kutholwe usawoti, oqoqwayo. emachibini elanga [1] .Ngasekupheleni kweRenaissance, uLeonardo da Vinci uhlongoze ukuthi kusetshenziswe izimboni zokuqala zezimboni ze-concentrator ze-solar njengezifudumezi zamanzi, futhi kamuva u-Leonardo waphakamisa nobuchwepheshe be-welding copp.er besebenzisa imisebe yelanga nokuvumela izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ukusebenzisa imishini yendwangu [1].Maduze nje phakathi ne-Industrial Revolution, u-W. Adams wakha lokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi i-oven yelanga.Le ovini inezibuko eziyisishiyagalombili zengilazi eziyisiliva ezilinganayo ezakha i-octagonal reflector.I-Sunlight kugxiliswe izibuko ebhokisini lokhuni elimbozwe ingilazi lapho ibhodwe lizobekwa khona futhi liliyeke libile[1].Ngokushesha phambili emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka futhi injini yesitimu yelanga yakhiwa cishe ngo-1882 [1].U-Abel Pifre wasebenzisa isibuko esiyi-concave esingu-3.5 m ububanzi futhi wawugxilisa kubhayela wesitimu esiyicylindrical okhiqize amandla anele okushayela umshini wokunyathelisa.
Ngo-2004, indawo yokuqala yokuphehla amandla elanga emhlabeni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Planta Solar 10 yasungulwa e-Seville, eSpain. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuvezwa embhoshongweni ocishe ube ngamamitha angu-624, lapho izamukeli zelanga zifakwe khona nezinjini zesitimu namajeneretha. Lokhu kuyakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla. ukunika amandla ezindlini ezingaphezu kuka-5 500. Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ngo-2014, kwavulwa indawo yokuphehla amandla elanga enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni eCalifornia, eU.SA. Lesi sikhungo sasebenzisa izibuko ezilawulwayo ezingaphezu kuka-300 000 futhi savumela ukukhiqizwa kukagesi wamamegawathi angu-377 ukuze kuphehlwe izindlu ezingaba ngu-140 000 [ 1].
Akuwona kuphela amafekthri akhiwayo futhi asetshenziswa, kodwa abathengi ezitolo zezitolo nabo bakha ubuchwepheshe obusha. Ama-solar panels aqala ukuvela, ngisho nezimoto ezisebenzisa amandla elanga zaqala ukusebenza, kodwa enye yentuthuko yakamuva esazomenyezelwa entsha ye-solar- ubuchwepheshe obugqokekayo obunamandla.Ngokuhlanganisa uxhumano lwe-USB noma ezinye izisetshenziswa, kuvumela ukuxhuma kusuka ezingutsheni kuya kumadivayisi afana nemithombo, amafoni nama-earbud, angashajwa usohambeni.Eminyakeni embalwa nje edlule, ithimba labacwaningi base-Japan e-Riken I-Institute and Torah Industries ichaze ukuthuthukiswa kwengqamuzana elincane le-solar ephilayo elingashisisa izingubo ezingutsheni, livumele iseli ukuthi limunce amandla elanga futhi liwasebenzise njengomthombo wamandla [2] ].Amangqamuzana elanga amancane angamaseli e-organic photovoltaic ane-thermal. ukuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo kuze kufike ku-120 °C [2].Amalungu eqembu locwaningo asekelwe kumaseli e-organic photovoltaic entweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-PNTz4T [3].ukuzinza kwe-vironmental kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu, khona-ke izinhlangothi zombili zeseli zimbozwa nge-elastomer, into efana nerabha [3].Kule nqubo, basebenzise ama-elastomer amabili anwetshiwe angama-500-micron-thick acrylic avumela ukukhanya kungene. iseli kodwa kuvimbela amanzi nomoya ukuthi ungangeni kuseli.Ukusetshenziswa kwale elastomer kusiza ukunciphisa ukuwohloka kwebhethri ngokwalo futhi kwelule ukuphila kwayo [3].
Enye yezingqinamba eziphawuleka kakhulu zemboni amanzi.Ukuwohloka kwala maseli kungabangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene, kodwa okukhulu kunawo wonke amanzi, isitha esivamile sanoma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe.Noma yikuphi umswakama owedlulele kanye nokuchayeka emoyeni isikhathi eside kungathinta kabi ukusebenza kahle. yamaseli e-organic photovoltaic [4].Nakuba ungakwazi ukugwema ukuthola amanzi ekhompyutheni noma ocingweni lwakho ezimweni eziningi, awukwazi ukukugwema ngezingubo zakho.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imvula noma umshini wokuwasha, amanzi awanakugwenywa.Ngemva kokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene iseli ye-photovoltaic emile yamahhala kanye neseli ye-organic photovoltaic ehlanganiswe kabili emaceleni, womabili amaseli e-organic photovoltaic acwiliswa emanzini imizuzu engu-120, kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi amandla e-free-standing organic photovoltaic cell kwaba Ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kuncishiswa kuphela ngu. 5.4%.Amaseli ehle ngo-20.8% [5].
Umfanekiso 1. Ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla okujwayelekile njengomsebenzi wesikhathi sokucwiliswa.Izingqimba zamaphutha kugrafu zimelela ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okwenziwe ngendlela evamile ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla okuqala esakhiweni ngasinye [5].
Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa enye intuthuko eNyuvesi yase-Nottingham Trent, iseli elincane lelanga elingashunyekwa entanjeni, ebese lulukwa ibe yindwangu [2].Ibhethri ngalinye elifakwe emkhiqizweni lihlangabezana nemibandela ethile yokusetshenziswa, njengezimfuneko ze Ubude obungu-3mm nobubanzi obungu-1.5mm[2].Iyunithi ngayinye ifakwe inhlaka engangeni manzi ukuze ilondolo iwashwe egumbini lokuwasha noma ngenxa yesimo sezulu [2].Amabhethri nawo enzelwe ukunethezeka, futhi ngalinye lifakwe endaweni yokuwasha. indlela engaphumi noma ingacasuli isikhumba somuntu ogqokile.Ocwaningweni olwengeziwe kwatholakala ukuthi engxenyeni encane yengubo efana nengxenye engu-5cm^2 yendwangu ingaba namaseli angaphezudlwana kuka-200, ekhiqiza amandla angu-2.5 - 10 volts, futhi uphethe ngokuthi kunamaseli ayi-2000 kuphela adinga ukushaja ama-smartphones [2].
Umfanekiso 2. Amaseli elanga amancane angu-3 mm ubude no-1.5 mm ububanzi (isithombe sihlonishwa yi-Nottingham Trent University) [2].
Izindwangu ze-photovoltaic zihlanganisa ama-polymer amabili angasindi futhi ashibhile ukuze akhe izindwangu eziphehla amandla.Eyokuqala kwezimbili izingxenye ingqamuzana elincane lelanga, elikhipha amandla elangeni, kanti eyesibili iqukethe i-nanogenerator, eguqula amandla emishini abe ugesi [ 6].Ingxenye ye-photovoltaic yendwangu iqukethe imicu ye-polymer, ebese imbozwa ngezendlalelo ze-manganese, i-zinc oxide (impahla ye-photovoltaic), kanye ne-iodide yethusi (yokuqoqwa kwemali) [6].Amaseli abe eselukwa kanye ucingo oluncane lwethusi futhi luhlanganiswe engutsheni.
Imfihlo yalezi zindlela ezintsha ilele kuma-electrode asobala wemishini ye-photovoltaic eguquguqukayo.Ama-electrodes asobala ayingxenye yezingxenye zamaseli e-photovoltaic avumela ukukhanya kungene esitokisini, okwandisa izinga lokuqoqwa kokukhanya.I-Indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) iyasetshenziswa. ukwenza lawa ma-electrode akhanyelayo, asetshenziselwa ukubonakala kwawo okuhle (>80%) nokumelana okuhle kweshidi kanye nokuzinza okuhle kakhulu kwemvelo [7].I-ITO ibalulekile ngoba zonke izingxenye zayo zicishe ziphelele.Isilinganiso se-ITO ukujiya okuhlangene nokungafihli nokumelana kukhulisa imiphumela yama-electrode [7].Noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kwesilinganiso kuzothinta kabi ama-electrode kanjalo nokusebenza.Ngokwesibonelo, ukwandisa ubukhulu be-electrode kunciphisa ukukhanya nokumelana, okuholela ekulimazeni kokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, i-ITO iyisisetshenziswa esinomkhawulo esisetshenziswa ngokushesha.Ucwaningo belulokhu luqhubeka ukuze kutholwe enye indlela engazuzi nje kuphela.I-ITO, kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi idlule ukusebenza kwe-ITO [7].
Izinto ezifana ne-polymer substrates eziye zashintshwa ngama-transparent conductive oxides ziye zanda ekudumeni kuze kube manje.Ngeshwa, lawa ma-substrates aboniswe njengama-brittle, aqinile futhi asindayo, okunciphisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka nokusebenza [7].Abacwaningi banikeza isisombululo kusetshenziswa amaseli elanga afana ne-fiber eguquguqukayo njengokushintsha kwe-electrode.Ibhethri elicubungula liqukethe i-electrode nezintambo ezimbili zensimbi ezihlukene ezisontekile futhi zihlanganiswe nento esebenzayo ukuze zithathe indawo ye-electrode [7].Amaseli elanga abonise isithembiso ngenxa yesisindo sawo esilula. , kodwa inkinga ukuntuleka kwendawo yokuxhumana phakathi kwezintambo zensimbi, okunciphisa indawo yokuxhumana futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukusebenza kwe-photovoltaic okonakele [7].
Izici zemvelo nazo ziyisikhuthazo esikhulu socwaningo oluqhubekayo.Okwamanje, umhlaba uthembele kakhulu emithonjeni yamandla engavuseleleki njengamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, amalahle namafutha.Ukushintsha ukugxila emithonjeni yamandla angavuseleleki kuye emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo, okuhlanganisa amandla elanga, kuwutshalomali oludingekile lwekusasa.Nsuku zonke izigidi zabantu zishaja amafoni azo, amakhompyutha, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amawashi ahlakaniphile nazo zonke izinto zikagesi, futhi ukusebenzisa izindwangu zethu ukushaja lezi zinsimbi ngokuhamba nje kunganciphisa ukusebenzisa kwethu amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.Yize lokhu kungase kubonakale okungatheni esikalini esincane sabantu abangu-1 noma imbala abangama-500, uma kulinganiswa kuze kufike ezigidini ezingamashumi kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwethu amafutha ezinsalela.
Amaphaneli elanga ezitshalweni zikagesi welanga, okuhlanganisa nalawo abekwe phezu kwezindlu, aziwa ngokusiza ukusebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo futhi anciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi, ezisasetshenziswa kakhulu.IMelika.Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu zemboni ukuthola indawo yakha la mapulazi.Umndeni ojwayelekile ungasekela inani elithile kuphela lamapaneli elanga, futhi inani lamapulazi elanga lilinganiselwe.Ezindaweni ezinendawo eyanele, abantu abaningi bahlale bemanqikanqika ukwakha isikhungo esisha samandla elanga ngoba sivala unomphela okungenzeka. kanye namandla amanye amathuba emhlabeni, njengamabhizinisi amasha.Kunenombolo enkulu yokufakwa kwephaneli ye-photovoltaic entantayo engaphehla amanani amakhulu kagesi muva nje, futhi inzuzo enkulu yamapulazi elanga antantayo ukuncishiswa kwezindleko [8]. umhlaba awusetshenziswa, asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka mayelana nezindleko zokufaka phezu kwezindlu nezakhiwo.Wonke amapulazi elanga aziwa njengamanje atholakala ezindaweni zamanzi zokwenziwa, futhi esikhathini esizayo is kungenzeka ukubeka la mapulazi ezindaweni zemvelo zamanzi.Amadamu okuzenzela anezinzuzo eziningi ezingajwayelekile olwandle [9].Amadamu enziwe abantu kulula ukuwaphatha, futhi ingqalasizinda yangaphambilini kanye nemigwaqo, amapulazi angavele afakwe.Amapulazi elanga antantayo nawo aboniswe ukuthi akhiqiza kakhulu kune amapulazi elanga asekelwe emhlabeni ngenxa yokwehluka kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kwamanzi nomhlaba [9].Ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu okukhethekile kwamanzi, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu komhlaba ngokuvamile liphakeme kunalelo lezindawo zamanzi, futhi amazinga okushisa aphezulu aboniswe ukuthi anomthelela omubi emanzini. ukusebenza kwezinga lokuguqulwa kwamaphaneli elanga. Nakuba izinga lokushisa lingalawuli ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya kwelanga okutholwa yiphaneli, kuyaba nomthelela ekutheni angakanani amandla owatholayo ekukhanyeni kwelanga.Ngamandla aphansi (okungukuthi, amazinga okushisa apholile), ama-electron angaphakathi kwephaneli yelanga azobe ephakathi. isimo sokuphumula, bese kuthi lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kushaya, bafinyelele esimweni sokujabula [10].I-ht iyawajabulisa lawa ma-electron, kodwa nawo angashisa.Uma ukushisa okuzungeze iphaneli yelanga kunika amandla ama-electron futhi kuwenza ajabule kancane, amandla kagesi ngeke abe mkhulu lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kushaya iphaneli [10].Njengoba izwe limunca futhi likhiphe ukushisa kalula kunamanzi, ama-electron akuphaneli yelanga emhlabeni kungenzeka abe sesimweni sokujabula okukhulu, bese kuthi iphaneli yelanga ibekwe phezu noma eduze namanzi apholile. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwafakazela ukuthi umphumela wokupholisa amanzi azungeze amaphaneli antantayo asiza ukukhiqiza amandla angaphezu kuka-12.5% kunasemhlabeni [9].
Kuze kube manje, amaphaneli elanga ahlangabezana ne-1% kuphela yezidingo zamandla zaseMelika, kodwa ukube la mapulazi elanga ebetshalwe engxenyeni yesine yamathangi amanzi enziwe abantu, amaphaneli elanga angahlangabezana cishe ne-10% yezidingo zamandla zaseMelika.EColorado, lapho kuntanta khona. amaphaneli ethulwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, amathanga amanzi amabili amakhulu eColorado alahlekelwa amanzi amaningi ngenxa yokuhwamuka, kodwa ngokufaka la maphaneli antantayo, amachibi avinjelwa ukuba angomi futhi kwaphehlwa ugesi [11].Ngisho nephesenti elilodwa lomuntu. -amadamu enziwe afakwe amapulazi elanga anganele ukukhiqiza okungenani amagigawathi angu-400 kagesi, okwanele ukunika amandla amalambu okukhanya e-LED angu-44 billion isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Umfanekiso 4a ukhombisa ukukhushulwa kwamandla okunikezwa iseli lelanga elintantayo ngokuphathelene noMfanekiso 4b. Nakuba bekunamapulazi ambalwa antantayo elanga elintantayo kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, asawenza umehluko omkhulu kangaka ekuphehlisweni kukagesi. Esikhathini esizayo, lapho amapulazi elanga antantayo. iba yinala, amandla aphelele akhiqizwayo kuthiwa aphindeke kathathu ukusuka ku-0.5TW ngo-2018 kuya ku-1.1TW ekupheleni kuka-2022.[12].
Uma sikhuluma ngokwemvelo, la mapulazi elanga antantayo azuzisa kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi.Ngaphezu kokunciphisa ukuthembela emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, amapulazi elanga anciphisa umoya nokukhanya kwelanga okufinyelela phezu kwamanzi, okungase kusize ukuguqula isimo sezulu sihlehlise [9]. ipulazi elinciphisa isivinini somoya kanye nokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile okushaya amanzi okungenani ngo-10% kunganciphisa ishumi leminyaka eligcwele lokufudumala kwembulunga yonke [9].Ngokwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo, akukho mithelela emibi emikhulu etholakalayo.Amaphaneli avimbela umoya ophezulu umsebenzi phezu kwamanzi, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukuguguleka osebeni lomfula, kuvikela futhi kuvuse uhlaza.[13].Ayikho imiphumela eqondile yokuthi izilwane zasolwandle ziyathinteka yini, kodwa izinyathelo ezifana ne-bio-hut egcwele amagobolondo eyakhiwe i-Ecocean ziye kucwiliswe ngaphansi kwamaphaneli e-photovoltaic ukuze kube namandla okusekela izilwane zasolwandle.[13].Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu ucwaningo oluqhubekayo umthelela ongase ube khona ochungechungeni lokudla ngenxa yokufakwa kwengqalasizinda efanaamaphaneli e-photovoltaic emanzini avulekile kunamachibi enziwe abantu.Njengoba ukukhanya kwelanga okuncane kungena emanzini, kubangela ukuncipha kwezinga le-photosynthesis, okuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwe-phytoplankton nama-macrophytes.Ngokwehliswa kwalezi zitshalo, umthelela ezilwaneni ukuncipha kochungechunge lokudla, njll., kuholela ekuxhasweni kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini [14].Nakuba kungakenzeki, lokhu kungase kuvimbele umonakalo ongaba khona esimisweni sezinto eziphilayo, okuwumphumela omkhulu wamapulazi elanga antantayo.
Njengoba ilanga liwumthombo wethu omkhulu wamandla, kungaba nzima ukuthola izindlela zokusebenzisa la mandla futhi siwasebenzise emiphakathini yethu.Ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinto ezintsha ezitholakala nsuku zonke zenza lokhu kwenzeke. Nakuba zingekho izingubo eziningi ezigqokekayo ezisebenza ngelanga. ukuthenga noma amapulazi elanga antantayo ongawavakashela njengamanje, lokho akulishintshi iqiniso lokuthi ubuchwepheshe abunawo amandla amakhulu noma ikusasa eliqhakazile.Amaseli elanga antantayo anendlela ende okufanele ahambe ngayo ngomqondo wezilwane zasendle ukuze abe yinto evamile njenge amaphaneli elanga aphezu kwezindlu.Amaseli elanga agqokekayo anendlela ende okufanele ayihambe ngaphambi kokuba ajwayeleke njengezingubo esizigqoka nsuku zonke.Esikhathini esizayo, amaseli elanga kulindeleke ukuthi asetshenziswe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ngaphandle kokuthi afihlwe phakathi kwethu. izingubo.Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka emashumini eminyaka ezayo, amandla embonini yelanga alipheli.
Mayelana no-Raj Shah uDkt. Raj Shah ungumqondisi we-Koehler Instrument Company eNew York, lapho esebenze khona iminyaka engu-27. Unguzakwethu okhethwe ozakwabo e-IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSMTC, Institute of I-Physics, i-Institute of Energy Research kanye ne-Royal Society of Chemistry.Umamukeli we-Eagle Award we-ASTM uDkt. Shah usanda kuhlanganisa “Ibhuku Lesandla Sezibaso Nezinto Zokugcoba” ethengiswa kakhulu kunazo zonke, imininingwane etholakala ku-ASTM's Long Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, Edition 2nd – July 15, 2020 - UDavid Phillips - Indatshana Yezindaba Zemboni YePetro - Petro Online (petro-online.com)
UDkt. Shah uneziqu ze-PhD ku-Chemical Engineering azithola e-Penn State University kanye ne-Fellow of the Chartered School of Management, e-London.Uphinde abe nguSosayensi Oyi-Chartered woMkhandlu Wezesayensi, Unjiniyela Oyi-Chartered Petroleum we-Energy Institute kanye noMkhandlu Wobunjiniyela wase-UK.UDkt.U-Shah usanda kuhlonishwa njengoNjiniyela Ohlonishwayo nguTau beta Pi, okuyinhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke kwezobunjiniyela e-United States. Usemabhodini abeluleki e-Farmingdale University (Mechanical Technology), i-Auburn University (Tribology), kanye ne-Stony Brook University (Chemical Engineering/ Isayensi Yezinto Zokusebenza Nobunjiniyela).
U-Raj unguprofesa osizayo eMnyangweni Wesayensi Yezinto kanye Nobunjiniyela Bamakhemikhali e-SUNY Stony Brook, ushicilele izindatshana ezingaphezu kuka-475 futhi ubesebenza emkhakheni wezamandla iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-3. Ulwazi olwengeziwe ngo-Raj lungatholakala kuMqondisi we-Koehler Instrument Company ukhethwe njengoMngane e-International Institute of Physics Petro Online (petro-online.com)
UNksz Mariz Baslious noMnu. Blerim Gashi bangabafundi bonjiniyela bamakhemikhali e-SUNY, futhi uDkt. Raj Shah ungusihlalo webhodi langaphandle labeluleki lenyuvesi. U-Mariz no-Blerim bayingxenye yohlelo olukhulayo lwe-internship e-Koehler Instrument, Inc. e-Holtzville, NY, lokho ikhuthaza abafundi ukuthi bafunde kabanzi mayelana nomhlaba wobunye ubuchwepheshe bamandla.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-12-2022
